Optical Bistability in Active Devices
نویسنده
چکیده
1 . I n t r o d u c t i o n R e c e n t p r o g r e s s i n t h e s t u d y o f b o t h a b s o r p t i v e a n d d i s p e r s i v e b i s t a b i l i t y i n l a s e r d i o d e s (LDs) i s r e v i e w e d / I / . T h e m o s t d i s t i n c t i v e f e a t u r e o f b i s t a b l e LDs i s t h a t t h e y h a v e o p t i c a l g a i n . O p t i c a l g a i n r e s u l t s i n a d v a n t a g e s such as l o w switching o p t i c a l p o w e r , high ON-OFF r a t i o , a n d l a r g e f a n o u t . The f i r s t s t a g e i n t h e s t u d y o f o p t i c a l b i s t a b l e LDs s t a r t e d i n 1 9 6 4 w i t h t h e t a n d e m t y p e LD p r o p o s e d b y L a s h e r / 2 / . B a s e d u p o n t h e a d v a n c e d s e m i c o n d u c t o r l a s e r t e c h n o l o g y d e v e l o p e d f o r o p t i c a l f i b e r c o m m u n i c a t i o n s , t h e s e c o n d s t a g e o f b i s t a b l e LD s t u d y b e g a n i n 1 9 8 1 b y K a w a g u c h i a n d I w a n e / 3 / a n d H a r d e r e t a l . 1 3 1 . They r e p o r t e d r e m a r k a b l e b i s t a b l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n I n P / I n G a A s P l a s e r s a n d GaAslAlGaAs l a s e r s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . S i n c e t h e n , v a r i o u s t y p e s o f b i s t a b l e LDs h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d a s l i s t e d i n T a b l e 1 . B i s t a b i l i t y c a n b e s e e n i n ON-OFF o f l a s e r o s c i l l a t i o n 1 2 4 1 . o p t i c a l g a i n c h a n g e i n r e s o n a n t t y p e LD a m p l i f i e r s 1 5 1 , p o l a r i z a t i o n 1 6 1 , t r a n s v e r s e mode / 7 , 8 / , l a s i n g w a v e l e n g t h / 9 / a s w e l l a s l o c k e d a n d u n l o c k e d s t a t e i n i n j e c t i o n l o c k i n g s y s t e m s / l o / . D e t a i l s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n R e f e r e n c e / 1 1 / . A p p l i c a t i o n s t o p h o t o n i c s w i t c h i n g a n d o p t i c a l f i b e r c o m m u n i c a t i o n s h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d . U s i n g t a n d e m t y p e l a s e r d i o d e s a s o p t i c a l m e m o r i e s , a n o p t i c a l t i m e d i v i s i o n s w i t c h i n g s y s t e m w a s d e v e l o p e d by S u z u k i e t al. / 1 2 / . Webb h a s s t u d i e d t h e u s e o f a b i s t a b l e LD a m p l i f i e r a s a c l o c k e d d e c i s i o n g a t e , a n d s t ~ o w n t h a t a l l o p t i c a l r e g e n e r a t i o n u s i n g s u c h a g a t e i s f e a s i b l e 1 1 3 1 . 2 . A b s o r p t i v e b i s t a b i l i t y I n h o m o g e n e o u s l y e x c i t e d LDs s u c h a s t a n d e m t y p e L n s show b i s t a b i l i t y i n t h e c u r r e n t l i g h t o u t p u t c u r v e a n d o p t i c a l i n p u t o u t p u t c u r v e . T h i s i s b e c a u s e t h e r e g i o n w h e r e a c a r r i e r i s n o t i n j e c t e d a c t s a s a s a t u r a b l e a b s o r b e r . S o m e t i m e s s e l f p u l s i n g a s w e l l a s b i s t a b i l i t y a r e p r e s e n t i n t a n d e m t y p e LDs. T h e s e d e p e n d o n t h e c a r r i e r l i f e t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n a l o n g a l a s e r c a v i t y 1 1 4 1 . A Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1988214 C2-64 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE e l e c t r o d e was d i v i d e d i n t o two p a r t s a l o n g t h e l a s e r c a v i t y , a n d d r i v e c u r r e n t s w e r e i n j e c t e d s e p a r a t e l y i n t o t h e . d i v i d e d p a r t s a s shown i n F i g . 1. The c a s e where t h e two p a r t s o f t h e a c t i v e r e g i o n w e r e g i v e n d i f f e r e n t c a r r i e r r e c o m b i n a t i o n r a t e s w a s c o n s i d e r e d u s i n g d i f f e r e n t n o n r a d i a t i v e c a r r i e r l i f e t i m e s f o r e a c h r e g i o n . The t h r e s h o l d pump r a t e a n d o u t p u t s t a b i l i t y a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e n o n r a d i a t i v e c a r r i e r l i f e t i m e i n r e g i o n 2 , rnr2 , a r e shown i n F i g . 1. The s o l i d l i n e s i n d i c a t e t h e t h r e s h o l d pump r a t e s . When rn i s l o n g e r t h a n 2 n s , t h e l a s e r h a s two t h r e s h o l d pump r a t e s , P th l a n d P t h 2 , 2 e p e n d i n g o n t h e i n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n s . T h e s e b i s t a b l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s c a n be a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e a c t i v e l a y e r o f r e g i o n 2 a c t s a s a s a t u r a b l e a b s o r b e r . When t h e n o n r a d i a t i v e c a r r i e r l i f e t i m e i s s h o r t e r t h a n 2 n s , t h e l a s e r h a s o n l y one t h r e s h o l d pump r a t e . The s h a d e d r e g i o n r e p r e s e n t s t h e p u l s a t i o n r e g i o n i n t h e f i g u r e . When t h e n o n r a d i a t i v e c a r r i e r l i f e t i m e i s s h o r t e r t h a n 0 . 5 n s , s e l f p u l s a t i o n o c c u r s o v e r a T a b l e 1. B i s t a b l e s e m i c o n d u c t o r l a s e r s nonlinear refractive
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